Cities and urban life Essay

In any developing and developed countries, one of the indicators of development is the infrastructure and the growth of cities. Urban culture is the cultural behavior that is associated with the urbanites. Cities all over the world, from the time immemorial have behaviors and cultural elements that separate them from otherwise specific comparable rural areas. In the developed countries, the word urban is solemnly used as a euphemism to describe dot com culture or subsets of racial culture, and this forms a defined groups as a type of urban tribe. Therefore, names for cultural artifacts like urban loud music could be seen as a new term for certain class music. It can also refer to the greater availability of cultural resources such as art, theatre, events, etc as compared to suburban or rural areas. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Impacts of urban life In summary, the author ventures on the advantages and disadvantages of urban life as compared to rural life. Here, there arises a query as to why the rich or the affluent prefer living in major cities. Moreover, the poor are associated with the rural life. Some of the advantages of urban life include availability of basic human needs in varieties. There is cheap and ready means of transport in urban areas as opposed to rural areas. Availabilities of reputable health facilities. In rural areas, one has to travel miles away to access health facilities, market, higher institution of learning etc. Contrary to that, some of the weaknesses associated with urban life include congestion due to over population, concurrent crime activities, pollution to water, air and environment at large, due to wreck less dumping of refuses, polythene bags and tins. Slums are another menace associated with urban life. In every large city, there must be a slum nearby. Conclusion From other disciplines perspective, the author introduces a disciplinary analyses and contested accounts of tourism and urban culture from geographical, historical, sociological, anthropological and economical point of view. Finally, there are some developments in subject field analyses from urban and planning studies, Cultural and leisure studies, Gender and queer studies. Reference: Cities and urban life, retrieved on 22sd September 2007, available at www. amazon. com/ Nancy Kleniewski (2004), A Political Economy of Urban Life, retrieved on 22sd September 2007, Longman, U. K

How the Cold War Started Essay

The USA and the USSR were allies during World War Two, however they were not natural allies. The seeds of hostility between the USA and the USSR began after World War Two, the period that followed is known as the Cold War. The reason for it being called a ‘cold’ war is due to the fact that no physical war took place between the two countries. Many factors fuelled the tension between the USA and USSR, all of which can divide into three categories: the arms race, Eastern Europe and ideologies. An arms race is a competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons. Historians believe that the arms race was the most prominent factor causing tensions. The significant turning point of the USA and USSR’s relationship, and trigger event to the arms race, was the bombing of Japan. In August 1945, the USA dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed and thousands of people died. The bombs were the most powerful weapons invented. The fact that the USA had not informed their ally, the USSR, before dropping the bombs created suspicion from the USSR. Russia did not have any bombs and this meant that the USA could potentially attack the Soviet Union and they could not do a thing to prevent it. Adding to the tensions, both the USA and USSR have contradicting views on the reasons behind the bombs. In the USA’s perspective, â€Å"any weapon that would bring an end to war and save a million casualties among American boys was justified†¦ the A-bomb would be successful† says the US secretary of state James Byrne. However, the USSR thought that â€Å"the purpose of the bombings was to intimidate other countries†, in the view of Russian historian Vadim Nekrasov. This opposing view reflects their mutual feelings for each other. The USSR felt the need two surpass the USA on arms and so in August 1949, the USSR have their own A-bomb. The increase in weapons and competition over military might was initially begun by the USA to contain communism. The USSR saw the increase in weapons and competition as a threat and felt the need to match or even surpass it. One nation felt the need that if the other were to have nuclear weapons of mass destruction, they should be able to counteract any possible action with their own stockpiles of weapons. The two countries had contrasting viewpoints and could never see eye to eye. This lack of trust and continuous suspicion created unnecessary tension and further disabled any relationships to be fixed. In April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was created. It was a military alliance of the US, Canada and nations of Western Europe against the threat of communist expansion. The USSR saw this as a threat and so in response, six years later, the USSR created an ‘antidote’ to this, being the Warsaw Pact. The Warsaw Pact was a mutual defence treaty between eight communist states in Europe. The USSR saw NATO as a threat as Article 5 of the charter mentioned â€Å"The parties agree to an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all†. In response, the USSR’s Warsaw Pact stated â€Å"in the event of an armed attack in Europe, one or several states†¦ render the state(s) immediate assistance by all the means it may consider necessary including the use of armed forces†. Both the nations saw these as threats as they showed that each opposing nation was ready to attack when necessary. This heightened the climate of suspicion between them. Within the cold war, things almost turned hot. In 1950, the Korean War took place. The North Koreans (backed by the Soviets) invaded South Korea (backed by the USA). This event was a war between the Capitalists and Communists but took place between two –almost- puppet nations with the USA and USSR pulling the strings in order to avoid war with each other. The Korean War as a complete breakdown in communication between the two and led to even more tension. The fact that both nations felt the necessity to surpass the other was evident in the Space Race. In October 1957, the USSR launched the Sputnik satellite into orbit around the earth. The USA required reassurance of their power and threat level as they realised if the USSR could send technology into space, it would be easy for them to send technology (possibly nuclear weapons) around the globe. They matched the USSR by putting a satellite into orbit in January 1958. This desire to surpass one another and going to extreme lengths to prove their worth showed the other that they were not willing to give up and were highly persistent to be the best nuclear power in the world. The arms race was a seemingly never ending competition between the USA and the USSR as both nations needed to show off to the other and be the ‘last nation left standing’. As their persistence grew, so did their tensions. Others argue however, the Eastern European factors were the main cause of tension. Some could argue that initial tensions began at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences (1945) with the superpowers discussing and deciding the fates of the defeated nations of World War Two. The conferences themselves increased tensions as the powers disagreed over what should happen to Europe and Germany. The Soviets wanted to move Poland’s borders to the West so that the USSR’s borders could move into Poland. Stalin wanted to create a buffer zone so that Russia would be a satellite state and they could also react if ever attacked. Churchill expressed his views on Stalin’s motives to Roosevelt by saying â€Å"The Soviet Union has become a danger to the free world. A new front must be created†¦ as far east as possible†¦ before the armies of democracy melt.† There were a lot of disagreements at Potsdam over what to do about Germany. Stalin left his troops occupying Eastern European countries. The USA disliked this as they detested communism, but now that â€Å"the war had left them holding lots of land in Europe- much too much land† (Clement Atlee, Britain’s Prime Minister), it would make it difficult for the USA to contain communism with the potential of communist expansion through Europe. The conferences sparked the tensions between the two, however, in June 1948, tensions rapidly increased. The Soviets cut off road and rail routes to West Berlin in hope that the allies would be forced to leave Berlin and that the capitalist toxin in Eastern Europe would be removed. The US saw this as the USSR’s attempt to expand European communism and decrease European confidence in America. The USA counteracted this act by supplying necessities via airlift and moving their nuclear bomber force to England as a threat to Russia. Truman justified his actions in 1949 by saying â€Å"We would act when freedom was threatened†, and therefore undermined the USSR’s actions as picturing it as a form of entrapment. The USSR and the USA both claimed their parts of Germany through dividing it. The Western allies turned their occupied zones into the Federal Republic of Germany and the Soviets set up the German Democratic Republic. Germany and Berlin were both divided between the nations. Both the countries wanted to claim their land and used it to show how they were better. The need to show off created tensions as now the two nations were using land and the people in it to prove their worth. In 1961, tensions escalated to a new height. The USSR took their might a step further and built the Berlin Wall to stop communists escaping to the west. The wall was the final straw of tension between the two nations. In an attempt to justify his decisions, Khrushchev stated â€Å"we had no choice to build the wall in order to maintain the freedom of East Berlin. There are more spies in West Berlin than anywhere else in the world†¦causing sabotage and riot.† However, from an outside and unbiased perspective into the Berlin wall, a modern world textbook states â€Å"the Wall was built to prevent the loss of many well educated East Germans. This was bad publicity for the East and Communism.† This shows how far the USSR would go to make sure Capitalism does not interfere with the Communist beliefs. He used his people and ‘entrapped’ them in order to make Communism look good. Kennedy however, did not counteract Khrushchev as much as Truman and Roosevelt as he said â€Å"It’s not a nice solution, but a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war†. Kennedy did not like what happened, but appeased. Contrary to the popular belief, tensions initially ignited as far back as 1917 during the Russian Civil War. Russia’s ruler Tsar was overthrown and so a provisional government was set up, however the Bolshevik party overthrew the government. The Bolshevik party faced oppositions known as the whites and there was a civil war. Foreign states including the USA got involved in order to stamp out the communist Bolsheviks and Russia saw this as an invasion of private affairs. The USA was Capitalist and believed in private ownerships and social mobility. The USSR was Communist and believed in complete equality for everyone and no private ownership. The two nations had highly contrasting ideologies and the difference in beliefs is what started the tensions in the first place. Churchill flagged up the problems with communist Russia through his Iron Curtain Speech in 1946. He stated â€Å"an iron curtain has descended across the continent†¦ Cities and populations lie in†¦ The Soviet sphere and all are subject, not only to Soviet influence, but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow†. Stalin simply said he was â€Å"anxious for its (Soviet Union) future safety†. The Western allies had a fear for the Communist expansion throughout Europe and wanted to contain communism. Truman stated â€Å"it must be the policy of the United States to support free nations against direct and indirect communist aggression† in reference to the Containment Policy. The Truman Doctrine was the USA’s initial attempt of containing communism. Greece and Turkey were each going through a civil war; the policy provided military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey as they were threatened by communist governments. In reference to the Truman Doctrine, Truman says â€Å"Greece must have assistance if it is to become a self-supporting and self-sustaining democracy. If we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world.† The fact that the Truman Doctrine aided the two countries made it less likely the countries would have communist governments. Russia could not control Turkey and Greece, thus not allowing them to expand their communist empire throughout Europe. In 1948, the Marshall Plan was introduced The state of Europe post World War Two combined with the coldest winter on record reduced Europe to starvation. The USA became Europe’s hero as Marshall promised that Americans would do â€Å"whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world† Marshall Aid took the form of fuel, raw materials, goods, loans, food, machinery and advisors and was only available to those nations willing to cooperate. The Soviets feared that turning down Marshall Aid would cause unrest in their satellite countries and recognised that the USA were somewhat ‘selling’ their ideologies to the nations. The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 however was the most tension-dense event. Cuba was influenced by the USA and was a trading nation with them until Fidel Castro, a communist took over. He set up a communist government which scared the USA into stopping trade with them. Castro increasingly sought help through the Soviet Union. President Kennedy allowed supporters of Batista (Cuba’s previous leader) to attack Cuba but failed to gain support and were defeated by Castro’s men. Shipments of arms were sent to Cuba and the USA saw potential in attacks. Kennedy did not want to use weapons against Cuba, but did not want to appear weak and so he decided to place a naval blockade around Cuba. This significantly heated tensions as the possibility of nuclear attack was at a new level and the nations were close to a war. The Soviet Foreign Minister, Gromyko saw the USA’s attempts as â€Å"an unrestrained anti-Cuban propaganda campaign†. Once again, the two nations lacked the capability of seeing eye to eye and had miscommunication faults. It could be argued that the contrasting ideologies were the underlying cause of tension and kept tensions alive and healthy throughout the 17 year period. The change in presidents and leaders changed the level of tensions. As opposed to Stalin, Khrushchev wanted to improve relations and opposed to Truman and Roosevelt, Kennedy was fairly passive (e.g. Berlin Wall). Without the initial friction created from the differences in ideologies, there would not have been an arms race or competition for control over Eastern Europe. Both countries aimed for peace, but their methods for peace were constantly viewed as threats due to the hatred of the opposing ideologies. Khrushchev believed â€Å"the main thing is to argue without resort to arms† and Kennedy believed â€Å"a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war†, showing that neither wanted to end up going to war and so both nations were in an arms race solely to prove their ideologies’ worth. The knowledge that the opposing nation wanted to expand their ideologies blinded the other and created them ignorant, hiding their ignorance through control over Europe and accumulation of nuclear arms. Overall, the contrast in ideologies was the factor which, throughout the cold war, created the foundation of and was the heart of tensions between the USA and USSR.

New kingdom egyptian pharaohs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

New kingdom egyptian pharaohs - Essay Example As in ancient Egypt, the Pharaohs in the new kingdom, were at the top of social and political order, including control over military occupations. In addition, they helped maintain divine order in the world (PBS, n.d.). While Tutankhamun reopened the temples of Amun, Ahmose ended the war, which was begun by his grandfather, Tao II. Ahmose pampered the local administrators with gifts of land and entrusted them with the responsibility of daily rule of his country. In the earlier dynasties, also the provincial leaders gained too much power because they had land and they were allowed freedom by the Pharaohs (Phouka, n.d.). With the support of the military, he maintained the balance of power (DiPaolo, 1997). In the new kingdom, although people were educated and professionals could be found, peasants and servants remained at the bottom of the hierarchy as in ancient Egypt. Women remained confined to the house and taking care of the children (PBS). Queen Hapshepsut and Thutmose III turned Eg ypt into ancient super power (Millmore). Amenhotep III, like the kings of the ancient Egypt, built temples and statues, but he encouraged realism in art. He and his son brought about changes in the cultural identity of the people during their reign. While most royal marriages have a political motive, Amenhotep III’s marriage had none. He maintained balance of power through democracy. His son Akhenaten tried to introduce the concept of godhead, which was both monotheistic and abstract. The portraits and paintings were revolutionary and allowed creative freedom. They displayed beauty and decay in real people rather than flatter the king and his family as in ancient Egypt (Millmore, 1997). The New Kingdom Pharaohs established colonial settlements only at Tombos and the temple town of Kawa. These were not completely Egyptian sites as the local elites were allowed cultural and political autonomy provided the precious luxury goods reached the Pharaohs

McDonald's company in the world. History and business Research Paper

McDonald's company in the world. History and business - Research Paper Example The intention of this study is McDonald as one among many international companies looking for great opportunities to establish and find business partners in rapidly growing countries for instance China, Asia, Central Europe and not forgetting India. McDonalds was established in 1940 in California by two brothers Dick and Mac McDonald. The restaurant became trendy hangout for teens in the post war affluence. In order to feed the teens the brothers made a menu in form of perennial much-loved hamburgers then expanded to four restaurants by 1953 using the assembly line system of food production. In 1955 entrepreneur Ray Kroc bought the right to franchise McDonald after noting the great success of the brothers. Ray Kroc opens his first McDonald's 0n April 15 1955 in Des Plaines, lIIinois. In 1960, Kroc renamed Mcdonald’s Corporation then he focused on marketing of McDonald products especially the family meals and children, advertisements particularly though the television that prom otes a child friendly smiling clown brand mascot, Ronald McDonald. To date the franchise has more than 30,000 restaurants worldwide in more than 119 countries serving more than 50million daily (Nayar). According to Stanton et al., the introduction of the Speedee service System in the 1948, Speedee became the company logo hence introduction of the principle of the fast food modern restaurant. In 1963 Speedee was replaced with Ronald McDonald. Due to the much trust in the success of the company Kroc suggested for the franchising of the restaurant around the country. The brothers where not ready to risk it all in the franchise of the company throughout the country so Kroc took it as his responsibility and volunteer to return to his hometown outside Chicago. With the license to open up other McDonald in the country, apart from other territories in Arizona and California licensed already by the McDonald’s brothers. As already mentioned the first restaurant was opened in Des Plaine s, Illinois by Kroc then he incorporated his company as McDonald’s corporation in April 1955. Kroc encountered a number of challenges in the new ventures. The first challenge particularly was adapting the McDonald’s building that was design for the climate in the northern. Installation of a basement was required to house a furnace, also it was difficult for the adequate ventilation, as warm air in the winter were sucked out by the exhaust fans and cool air in the summer. However, the most frustrating hurdle was the failure by Kroc to reproduce the delicious french fries initially. Kroc sought for franchisees for the McDonald’s chain once the Des Plaines was operational. The other snag came closely in 1956 he discovered that the brothers had given the license of franchisees to the Cook County, Illinois to the Frejlack Ice cream Company. Kroc was angry because the McDonald’s brothers had not informed him of the arrangement. Consequently he purchased the rig ht back five times higher than Frejlack originally paid for. He made a decision that it is best for the restaurant to be established first before they are franchised out, this will enable him to have control over the uniformity of the McDonald’s stores. In the early years the McDonald’s restaurants were mainly situated in the suburbs. In order to accommodate his U- shape

Ethetical ramifications of medicine and psychiatry in cyberspace Essay

Ethetical ramifications of medicine and psychiatry in cyberspace - Essay Example The matter is even more complicated when it comes to ethics in cyberspace where they may be different questions with regard to privacy and confidentiality. Therefore, to fully understand the ethical ramification of medicine and psychiatry in cyberspace, it is important to understand what ethics are and then to see how various ethical issues in cyberspace can be tackled by psychiatrists as well as medical practitioners. The word ethics comes from the Greek language word ethikos which means ‘based on habit’. In scientific terminology, ethics is a branch of philosophy which discusses individual and collective behavior as being right, wrong, good or evil. In business and professional fields such as finance, public relations, advertising and many others, the application of ethical principles is said to be a part of the good practices which establish and increase the credibility of an organization or an individual (Wikipedia, 2006). When it comes to medicine and psychiatry, the world today is very much concerned with ethics since media attention as well as professional organization focus has come to ethics in a very significant way. Velasquez et. al. (1987) report that when people on the street were inquired about the meaning of ethics, they came up with very different answers. Some said that ethics have to do with internal feelings of what is right and wrong while others suggested that ethics are religious beliefs or that ethics are legal requirements. People also considered ethics to be acceptable behavior as given by the rules of society and some people simply did not know what the term ‘ethics’ means. While the responses stated above may come naturally due to the way the word is used, it must be clarified that ethics have nothing to do with internal feelings (Fisher, 2003). In fact, personal feelings and individual emotions about something may lead a

Nursing Practice Gap Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing Practice Gap Analysis Paper - Essay Example However, attempts to develop have been faced with the challenge caused by the gap between theory and practice. What the students learn is viewed as ideal and not the reality of what happens in healthcare. Therefore, there is need to analyze the gap and reconcile theory with practice for advanced nursing practice. This paper analyses an area of nursing practice with a gap between theory and practice. it will talk about an area that lack of theoretical support, theory developments and rationale for theory. 2. Nursing Practice Gap. Theory presents information that form a basis for understanding nursing, therefore, information offered in the classroom is a representation of what happens in practice as Walker and Avant (2005, p. 9) note. Nursing students often find themselves in challenging situations where they have to find solutions in practice after successfully engaging in theoretical studies. 2.1. Area of nursing that lacks theoretical support. Caring theory is an area that provides understanding to the gap between theory and practice. According to the caring theory nurses can show care by upholding the well being of a patient. The nurse will administer drugs and participate in prevention of infections. The challenge lies in the actions of the nurse, the process of care and meeting expectations of the patient. Theory of care does not adequately cover the measure of care a nurse can poses given a specific situation. The capacity of care may vary from one individual to another. Commitment of the nurse in their relationship with the patient for care is not adequately supported. Additionally, a complimentary environment for giving care is required and not often clearly emphasized in the theory. Caring actions are overlooked and not given priority in the theory as it is in practice. Caring actions include enabling, assisting, staying together, recognizing and beliefs of the patient. In practice, nurses realize that caring actions have consequences. Although the nurs e may give out, the intended outcome may not be realized. The conditions for giving care can be complicated. Patients and their relatives need care, which is shown through professionalism, leadership and care delivery. Care may be hindered by problems emanating from either the organization, nurse or the patient. The caring theory may require the nurse to spend time with the patient to know how they are coping with the illness. This may not be practical because the nurse must find a balance between their assigned tasks. 2.2. Current theory development. In order to improve giving care to patients in the hospital, unique and specific actions have been proposed as the appropriate ways of giving care. Actions that would make the patient obtain and believe in care have been preferred. The actions would translate theory into practice. According to Tonges and Ray (2011, p. 376), developments in care theory propounds that nurses participate in maintaining the faith or belief of the patient t o aid in the transition of their well being. The nurse strives to know and understand issues and events happening that could affect the well being of the patient. Taking care of a patient has incorporated the emotional support to the patient and relatives. In an attempt to close the gap between caring theory and practice, nurses practice doing for others what they would like done to them. Furthermore, there are situations where giving care in person can be a challenge; hence, it is recommended that the nurse facilitates for others so that they can take care of

Closed Forms by Borwein and Crandall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Closed Forms by Borwein and Crandall - Essay Example Third section deals with detailed examples on closed forms. Next, recent examples of advanced research on closed forms are discussed. Then there is the fifth section titled â€Å"profound curiosities† (Borwein and Crandall 2010, p. 24) followed by the concluding section of the article. In the concluding section, several open questions have been discussed. The first section of this paper is particularly important because it explains the very significance of this article. In this section, the authors attempt to furnish a definition of closed form. But in doing this, the authors revisit a basic concept of mathematics, that is the concept of rigorous proof. The authors wish to furnish a rigorous definition of closed forms with the help of the concept of rigorous proof. However, the problem is that the general notion of rigorous proof is a kind of â€Å"community-varying and epoch dependent† concept (Borwein and Crandall 2010, p. 1). Consequently, even a potential rigorous d efinition of closed forms is likely to provide an exhaustive treatment to the matter. 2. Discussion The authors have adopted seven different approaches to define a closed form. The first three approaches are very basic and theoretical in nature. The fourth approach chiefly utilises set algebra with particular focus on exponential and logarithmic functions. Using this approach, Chow (1999) remarks that the term closed form must imply explicit in the sense that the expression in closed form is meaningful, clearly open to all calculations and standard mathematical operators can be applied (Borwein and Crandall 2010, section 1.0.4). Although most algebraic functions do not have a simple explicit expression, scientists and mathematicians are trying to introduce concepts like hyperclosure and superclosure. The fifth approach is again elementary in nature with emphasis on theory rather than correlative analysis with respect to sufficiently complicated equations and identities (Borwein and Crandall 2010). In discussing the sixth approach, the authors have put their own input to refine the understanding of this concept as deduced from previous research works of experts like Bailey, Borwein, and Crandall (2008). First, the Borwein and Crandall (2010) consider any convergent sum given by the following expression: x = ?cnzn (where x is a member of the set X) †¦ †¦ †¦ (1) Explaining the different variables and operators that are seen in (1), we must mention that c0 is rational; z is algebraic; and n ? 0. Furthermore, for n > 0 we have: , where B and A are integer polynomials such that deg B ? deg A. Also, the set X contains generalised hypergeometric evaluations as established by the authors (Borwein and Crandall 2010, section 1.2.2) as a part of the ring of hyperclosure denoted by H (which is begot from all generalised hypergeometric evaluations). Now according to the authors: â€Å"Under these conditions the expansion for x converges absolutely on the ope n disk |z| < 1. However, we also allow x to be any finite analytic-continuation value of such a series; moreover, when z lies on a branch cut we presume both branch limits to be elements of X. (See ensuing examples for some clarification.) It is important to note that our set X is closed under rational multiplication, due to freedom of choice for c0. † (Borwein and Crandall 2010, section 1.2.2) The merit of this approach is that it introduces us to the concept of hyperclosure.

U.S propaganda and the Nazi Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

U.S propaganda and the Nazi Germany - Essay Example U.S propaganda and the Nazi Germany Propaganda and war is aimed at influencing people’s attitudes and perception towards the war rather than being involved in open dialogue (Randal, 2002). American propaganda during world war was used to increase American commitment and support for the war. American propagandists used various media to foment animosity and hatred against American enemies especially the Nazi Germans, Authoritarian Italy and Aggressive Japan. For instance, American propagandists persuaded American people to fully participate in the war by urging them to do what they can by providing war materials such as victory gardens and to extent that they sold war bonds. Americans perceived propaganda as a tool of totalitarian dictatorship. In addition, they recalled with fear and anger the fervor of the First World War propaganda efforts, which was recognized as violation of human rights as well as dissemination of wrong information. The United States was reluctant to participate in propaganda campaigns but it succumbed to pressure from business sector, media and advertisers who wanted the government to take active role in propaganda campaigns. In 1944, policy makers in the U.S began convincing Americans to accept the harsh peace for the German citizens since it was thought that the German people and the Nazi party were different entities. Hitler was often depicted in scenarios ridiculing and embarrassing him, and that cartoons always portrayed him in caricature. Hitler’s rule was often satirized. In order to raise war morale and motivation, American cartoonists often released cartoons showing Hitler as doomed. He and Nazi-Germans were depicted as fools to an extent that a German father was scolded saying that Germans did not eat food instead they ate countries. Among authoritarian regimes of the time such as Japan and Italy, Nazi-German was seen as the deadliest threat to the Americans. American propaganda often stereotyped Germans as evil and bad people in posters and films, despite the fact that many crimes or atrocities were ascribed by Hitler and Nazis. Similarly, American propaganda did not leave out other authoritarian regimes such as Italy and Japan in that they always portrayed as evil and bad. For instance, Mussolini appeared in an editorial Cartoon which presented him as a two-bit dictator. In Japan, propaganda depicted Japanese as uncivilized and foreign enemy of the United States of America just like Italy and Nazi-Germany. Basing on samurai traditions, American propagandists depicted Japanese as blindly ruthless and fanatic with a history of looking and desiring for an overseas conquest. More so, they argued that Japanese people were one mindless and unified mass that had no vision. The U.S applied propaganda to influence and manipulate its citizens. In addition, propaganda in war is used in deceiving your friends with lying to the enemies. On the other hand, between States, it involves lying about potential acquisition and development of new and powerful weapons, which can be used to convince other nations that something which is feasible, is in fact not in order to pour disinforming party a head start in looking for the technology/weapons (Andrew, 2011). The use of propaganda in war is applicable with the compliance of mass media and popular culture that allows it to procla im a new mobilization of society and military against an imagined or real enemy without altering the status quo

Association of Consulting Engineering Companies (ACEC), Canada Research Paper

Association of Consulting Engineering Companies (ACEC), Canada - Research Paper Example The sequential approach of ADDIE is also followed by the instructional design document. In first place the ACEC audience will be analyzed for future training needs, the success of the instructional design depends heavily on the accuracy of the needs analysis. This will provide the basis for the design selection which includes the course format and any sub-phases The second phase begins with instructional needs identified in the analysis part and the design of the instructional design is discussed by the designer. Instructional strategy, course format, and the medium of instruction will also be finalized at this stage. Finally the course will be developed to achieve the desired instructional goals for ACEC, Canada. The instructional plan will ensure the induction of relevant material will keep the course outline as short as possible. Keeping the interest of the audience alive is an important requirement in development phase. The implementation of the instructional design will finalize the plan rollout timings, logistic and availability of resources deemed necessary for the completion of the course. This includes administrative support and availability of training staff to conduct the course. In final phase of the ADDIE model the evaluation of the overall instructional design will be assessed in terms of trainee’s capacity building and company’s objective realization. The quality of evaluation lies in its objectivity and the strength it introduces in the instructional design. ... Training of newly inducted engineers Analysis of training facilities presently available Coaching facilities for affiliated Companies Instructional facilities for Advance Technologies Lack of Academic Staff Qualitative and Quantitative Needs Required Training facilities (Quantitative) Facilities for Advance Technologies (Qualitative) Needs identified for ACEC All new engineers are required to have comprehensive training before they can be actually deployed at a real life project (Felt Need) Training for advance technologies is mandatory for the Core Professional Engineers at ACEC (Anticipated Need) Association has to plan training for affiliated companies time and again and permanent training need exists under this category (Felt Need) Lack of academic staff (Felt Need) Trainers training (Comparative Need) Selected Need Training of newly inducted engineers Instructional facilities for Advance Technologies Training of Newly Inducted Engineers Need analysis of the ACEC has established a â€Å"Felt Need† of providing training to newly inducted engineers in ACEC. The engineers current performance and excellence is satisfactory however it does not match the mission statement for the ACEC, therefore suggests a gap between the existing and desired level of excellence. The need was established after a qualitative interview session conducted with engineers of various domains and was responded by 95% engineers in favor of initial training. Instructional Goal Polishing critical skills in fresh engineering graduates thus enabling them to produce quality engineering models. Performance-Based Objectives A – audience – Fresh Engineering Graduates B – behavior – Skill enhancement C – conditions – ACEC’ Excellence D – Getting quality engineering Models Instructional